The long history of Iran-Ottoman relations witnesses various conflicts and the conclusion of numerous treaties. The second Erzrum agreement was concluded on 1 June 1847 between the two countries. Based on third article of the treaty, a common commission of four countries should be formed and set up delimitation between two countries with field investigation. The Ottoman delegation, headed by Darwish Pasha, on the way to the mission to join the commission, before reaching Baghdad, raided the Iranian realm and occupied Qotur. This aggressively action so near formation of delimitation commission has become an important controversy between Iran and the Ottoman. Firstly Iran condemned Darwish Pasha's action and wanted mediators to take responsibility for the elimination of aggression. Occupation of Qotur lasted exactly thirty years, and eventually the Berlin Congress confirmed Iran's legitimacy, and the Ottoman government was forced to return Qotur to Iran. About the the occupation of Qotur and especially the actions of Mirza Ja'far Khan Moshir al-Dawlah during the three years of delimitation mission, no independent research has been carried out yet. The present study, with the historical method and descriptiveanalytical approach, relying on the documents, in particular Iran’ s Foreign Affairs’ documents answers these questions: What was the Qotur's position and strategical significance? Why was this area occupied by the Ottoman Empire on the eve of the formation of delimitation commission? What was the Iran's politicians actions, especially Mirza Ja'far Khan Moshir al-Dawlah, as Iranian delegate to the delimitation Commission against the occupation of Qotur? The findings of the study show that the three-yearly actions of Mushir al-Dawlah (1268-1265 AH) led mediators to repeatedly condemn the occupation of Qotur and endorse Iran's legitimacy. In fact, Mushir al-Dawlah’ s actions became the cornerstone for Iranian diplomats in the decades to come and raise the issue of Qotur’ s occupation in the international community. Measures that eventually resulted in the extradition of Qotur after thirty years.

The mosque, as a religious building and place of worship, is one of the most important architectural works in Islam and has always been one of the highest examples of decoration in the history of Islamic art and architecture. In addition to beautifying the space, decorations have an effective role in improving the quality of the spiritual space of worship. In the Qajar period, due to the influence and prevalence of Western culture and thought, the nature of decorative forms has changed, separated from transcendent concepts and has found more tangible and objective meanings. Tiling and inscriptions have an effective role in the decoration of mosques of the Qajar period and the decorations of many mosques have been dedicated to this period, while in previous periods they have received less attention. The research method of the present article is descriptive-analytical. In the first step, through library studies and using written sources, theoretical foundations related to the decorations of mosques of the Qajar period have been collected, and in the next step, tile decorations and inscriptions in the mosques of Moshir-Ol Molk and Nasir-Ol Molk have been compared comparatively. The findings show that tiling and inscriptions play an essential role in Qajar period decorations. Among them, in the tiling of Moshir-Ol Molk Mosque, geometric patterns and in the tiling of Nasir-Ol Molk Mosque, architectural motifs of landscapes prevail over other motifs, but in terms of inscriptions, in both mosques, similar Qur'anic inscriptions with The third line is used.

The number of women in Tehran urban spaces is on the increase, and it is coupled with differing qualities of presence of women. But urban design researchers in Iran have rarely adopted a qualitative approach to the way women interact with the physical aspects of these spaces. The northern parts of the Tehran bazaar has experienced changes in the quantity and quality of women's presence. The present research aims to find out how the physical environment of the bazaar as well as its activities affects and is affected by women’ s presence. In order to do so a study is conducted on reciprocal reproduction of gender and space in Sabzeh Meydan and Moshir Khalvat, using participant observation and in-depth interviews. The results show that the specifications of these spaces constrain some aspects of women’ s presence and marginalizes them. Despite the increase in women’ s numbers men keep their stronger role in reproducing the physical space in these two spaces. Despite both being gendered spaces not equally used by women and men, Sabzeh Meidan provides some more opportunities for optional and social activities in the public realm, giving women the chance to be present for non-essential purposes whilst participate more proactively in reproduction of the physical environment, which is due to both the physical aspects of this space and around space activities.

The local and bureau elites had been always among the effective political and social groups in Fars province in a way that the Fars governance was directly related to their performance. Therefore, the analysis of the historical events of Fars requires understanding and explaining the relations existed between the elites and the other effective elements in province. Moshir al-Molk family is one of those local elites who, with the presence of nearly half a century (1826-1876) in the Ministry of Fars, gathered a lot of strength and credibility. Considering the influence of this family on the political and social life of Fars and using historical sources, the actions of this family in the governance of Fars is examined in present study through a descriptive-analytical method. The findings show that, with regard to the arrangement of political forces and distribution and concentration of power in Fars, the Moshir al-Molk family interacted and competed with other local elites, especially Qashqai and Qawam al-molk families, to access interests relying on power resources (class, personal, public, spiritual etc. ). Beyond their political functions, their socio-economic activities had a significant role in promotion of their social status. The results also prepare detailed information about their arrival and performance, especially their most famous character, Mirza Abolhassan Khan Moshir al-molk (1840-1917).

Introduction: Due to spectacular geographical location, the Province of Yazd, located in the center of Iran, it has been in the center of attention since long ago. It is considered one of the driest provinces in Iran with hot and dry climate, and annual average precipitation of 50-100ml. The day and night temperature varies between 11.9 to 20.7 degrees of Celsius. The special climate in Yazd has resulted in beautiful gardens such as, Moshir- o- Almamalek Garden, which is one the most famous and beautiful gardens in Yazd. It is 18000m2 in area and is located in the north-west of Yazd. It was established by Mirza Fathollah Khan, Moshir - o - Almamalek in Ghajar era. He was in charge of collecting tax in Yazd and when the Governor was absent, he took up the responsibilities. As the elderly people from Yazd say, Yazd was controlled from his residence, i.e., Moshir – o – Almamalek Garden.Material and Method: Literature review and field study were used in this study. This study is descriptive-analytical. Through the restoration of the place, current national and international patterns along with Iranian-Islamic architectural concepts were used. Cameras like Cannon Power shot S5 IS and Olympus C160 were utilized during the field study.Result: Except the central building, the other buildings lack foundation. The most preeminent material used is mud-bricks. In the past, drinking water was supplied by subterranean canals (ghanat). It is now, however, supplied by the city water system. The trees in the garden would be fruit bearing, e.g. fig, vine, apple, etc. Other plants such as olive, persimmon, and citrus have recently been cultivated.Discussion: Using elements such as grass, water, and plants during restoration, which constitute the main elements of ancient Iranian architecture, is vividly observable. This demonstrates the relation between the nature and architecture in the present and past Iran. Transparency, space linkage, organized spaces, space integration, geometry, and symmetry implemented in the garden reflect thought and rationalization in the Iranian garden establishment, which intentionally and consciously pursued physical and spiritual peace for human looking for tranquility.

Biophilia, in addition to its concepts in philosophy and psychology, has been rooted into man-made environments in recent decades. Biophilic architecture is a part of an innovative view that helps both people and the environment in the way to keep them healthy and promotes the physical performance for having better life. Commercial areas, as spaces for meetings, entertainment, leisure, relaxation, and interchange, are the most important domains that are considered nowadays; and the designers of these spaces should focus on providing diverse memorable sensorial, emotional, and behavioral experiences; and also be able to improve the offer conditions, their attractiveness, and their image by considering alternative or complementary factors. Examining biophilic design elements in architectural cases may lead us to find the impression of these elements on increasing customer attraction. It seems that finding common features of biophilic design and customer attraction, and different attributes, such as the design, management, and environment arrangement increase the number of visits. Despite the changes of the community’ s psychological needs in the last decades and increasing users of commercial spaces, these spaces receive less attention, and few practical studies on these areas in Iran, make this study more significant. The present study aims to investigate the impact of biophilic design elements on customer attraction in Saray-e-Moshir, Shiraz. For this purpose, based on mixed research methodology and library studies, common criteria of biophilic architecture and customer attraction are retrieved from related literature; then through field observations and questionnaire distribution among customers and visitors, the effects of factors on each other are analyzed, using SPSS software and correlation method. The results indicate that the components of biophilic architecture have a significant relationship with the factors of customer attraction, and the biophilic features not only help increase the attraction but also enhances people’ s spiritual, social and cultural health.

In Islamic architecture, artifacts based on inscriptions on levels, without any artistic and aesthetic issues, are full of spiritual and mystical concepts in the form of rituals and religious claims. The purpose of the present research is to identify the relation between architectural space and inscriptions of inscriptions. To find logical reasons for choosing and using the verses in the inscriptions in relation to their place of use. In this regard, the Khan school and Moshir al-Mulk and Nasir al-Malek mosques, all located in Shiraz, have been associated with two long periods of official Shiite religious rule in Iran, and are known for architectural decoration from an artistic and beauty perspective, as examples of studying. Have been studied in order to find the most important question of the research on the nature of the relationship between the contents of the inscriptions with the shape and the architectural space and, on this basis, presents a pattern of linking the contents of the inscriptions to the architecture of the building. In the research process, in order to achieve the desired goals, field studies have been used to document and read the texts and the contents of the inscriptions in the buildings, and a descriptive-analytical method has been used to introduce, categorize and find their comparative relations. The results of this research show that the rotation of the inscriptions according to the religious and spiritual themes is as found in the body of verses in the themes of the morning blessing, God, paradise, man, and resurrection, and at the same time with rising and dying The sun is the theme of the verses in the converted eastern and western bodies, as well as the process of human excellence and the movement towards paradise, beautifully illustrated in this artistic turn of the inscriptions.

Once the history of the Constitutional Era is surveyed, the School of Political Sciences- that established in 1909- is considerably outstanding through a variety of aspects. First, it is among the initial schools which had a high educational level. Second, for the very first time a professional team was specifically educated for participation in the diplomatic system of Iran through this school. Also, fields of study including the Basic Rights, International Rights and the Science of Wealth-Economics- were taught in this school and certain texts and references were compiled for them. These new sciences and teachings found their way in the Iranian community through the School of Political Sciences, and this issue enriched and deepened the modern movement of Constitution. While the School of Political Sciences was established by Mirza Nasrollah Khan Moshir-ol-Dollah, the major idea behind it is attributed to his son, Mirza Hassan Khan Moshir-ol- Molk (the successive Moshir-ol-Dollah). Yet Mirza Mehdi Khan Momtahen-ol-Dollah has in his works implied that the main idea of the School of Political Sciences belongs to him. Based on his words, it should be accepted that the idea of the School of the Political Sciences was founded not during the ministry of Mirza Nasrollah Khan Moshir-ol-Dollah, but rather during the second period of the ministry of Mirza Saeed Khan Mo’tamen-ol-Molk Ansari.

Purpose: This paper examines an important late Qajarid policy document regarding the Persian Gulf.Method/Research Design: Archival records and library resources were consulted to prepare this paperFindings: The content of the policy document examined clearly shows that both Moshir-al-Dowleh (the Minister of Foreign Affairs) and Amin-al-Soltan (The Prime Minister) had a good understanding of the importance of the Persian Gulf for national interests. In the document, the governor of the region is advised to pay close attention to the activities of foreign embassies, to prevent foreign nationals from owning properties, to prevent British officials and other British nationals from what they considered was misuse of the telegraph facilities, and to pay attention to the maintenance of the Persepolis ship and the customs house in Bushehr.

The Iranian constitutional revolution caused profound transformation in political and social situations. One of the ideals of constitutionalists was gaining political power, so that the discussion regarding strong government was raised from the beginning among them. However, constitutional revolution failures in political and social fields increased instabilities instead of strengthening power. Incidence of the frist world war aggravated the instabilities. Although Vosough-ud-Doule could partly develop a powerful state from 1294 to 1298 A. H. S, the state devastated him with unveiling of 1919 Agreement. 1299 coup d'etat was another attempt in creating a powerful state. Reza Khan was war secretary of Sayyed Zia-ud-Din Tabatabaei, Qavam-u-Saltaneh, Moshir-ud-doule, Qavam-ul-Saltaneh, Mostofi-ul-Mamalek and Moshir-ud-doule, however, establishing state by Reza Khan provided coordination between military and political authorities.